第 1 章 认识摄影与相机 .................................................................... 013
1.1 摄影的概念与意义 ..........................................................................................013
1.2 快速了解摄影技术的发展历程 ......................................................................015
摄影技术的核心原理 ......................................................................................015
达盖尔的摄影术 ..............................................................................................016
便携式相机的诞生 ..........................................................................................018
数码摄影时代到来 ..........................................................................................018
第 2 章 熟悉摄影器材 ....................................................................... 021
2.1 相机的分类及各自特点 ..................................................................................021
相机分类1:是否可换镜头 ...........................................................................021
相机分类2:按取景方式 ...............................................................................022
相机分类3:按画幅尺寸 ...............................................................................024
2.2 像素与解像力的重要性 ..................................................................................027
2.3 镜头的分类及各自特点 ..................................................................................029
镜头分类1:广角、标准与长焦 ...................................................................029
镜头分类2:定焦与变焦 ...............................................................................033
四大特殊镜头及用途 ......................................................................................035
2.4 镜头必备常识 ..................................................................................................038
等效焦距换算 ..................................................................................................038
法兰距与转接环:镜头能否通用的关键 ......................................................038
2.5 附件是出好片的助手 ......................................................................................039
常用滤镜 ..........................................................................................................039
三脚架 ..............................................................................................................043
快门线 ..............................................................................................................045
摄影包的选择 ..................................................................................................045
2.6 无人机摄影的特点 ..........................................................................................046
2.7 正确认识手机摄影 ..........................................................................................048
第3 章 曝光与测光 ........................................................................... 050
3.1 曝光的过程与曝光值 ......................................................................................050
3.2 曝光三要素 ......................................................................................................051
光圈与光圈值 ..................................................................................................054
快门与快门速度 ..............................................................................................055
感光度与照片画质 ..........................................................................................057
3.3 测光与曝光的关系 ..........................................................................................058
3.4 四大常用测光方式 ..........................................................................................058
3.5 曝光模式(拍摄模式) ..................................................................................062
全自动与场景曝光模式 ..................................................................................062
光圈优先模式的原理与用法 ..........................................................................064
快门优先模式的原理与用法 ..........................................................................065
P 模式的原理与用法 .......................................................................................066
M 全手动模式的原理与用法 ..........................................................................067
B 门长曝光.......................................................................................................068
3.6 宽容度、动态范围与HDR .............................................................................069
3.7 锁定曝光的用法 ..............................................................................................070
第4 章 照片的虚实、动静、画质与色彩 ........................................... 071
4.1 景深四要素 ......................................................................................................071
开大光圈拍人像得到虚化背景 ......................................................................072
用长焦距拍人物得到虚化背景 ......................................................................073
靠近被摄对象得到虚化背景 ..........................................................................073
让人物远离背景得到虚化效果 ......................................................................074
4.2 画面动静实战 ..................................................................................................074
4.3 利用降噪改善画质 ..........................................................................................075
4.4 白平衡与色温 ..................................................................................................076
自动白平衡 ......................................................................................................079
借助色温来控制画面色彩 ..............................................................................080
自定义白平衡 ..................................................................................................080
主动错用白平衡渲染画面氛围 ......................................................................082
第5 章 对焦没那么简单 .................................................................... 084
5.1 对焦原理 ..........................................................................................................084
5.2 自动对焦与手动对焦的使用场景 ..................................................................086
5.3 弱光下对焦的3 种方式 ..................................................................................087
10 倍放大对焦法 .............................................................................................087
峰值对焦法 ......................................................................................................088
光源对焦法 ......................................................................................................088
5.4 对焦模式 ..........................................................................................................089
单次对焦:绝大多数场景适应 ......................................................................089
连续对焦:捕捉运动对象 ..............................................................................090
怎样对动静不易确定的主体对焦 ..................................................................091
5.5 单点对焦与多点对焦 ......................................................................................091
单点对焦 ..........................................................................................................091
多点对焦 ..........................................................................................................092
第6 章 摄影构图基础、技巧与经验 .................................................. 094
6.1 构图的概念与构图元素 ..................................................................................094
6.2 优秀摄影作品的特点 ......................................................................................095
主题鲜明 ..........................................................................................................095
主体突出 ..........................................................................................................096
画面干净 ..........................................................................................................097
表现力强 ..........................................................................................................098
6.3 画面景别的选择 ..............................................................................................099
远景 ..................................................................................................................099
全景 ..................................................................................................................100
中景 ..................................................................................................................101
特写 ..................................................................................................................102
6.4 照片横与竖的选择 ..........................................................................................103
6.5 照片的画幅比例 ..............................................................................................105
主流的1 ∶ 1、3 ∶ 2 与4 ∶ 3 的画幅比例 ................................................105
16 ∶ 9 与18 ∶ 9 的画幅比例 .......................................................................107
2.35 ∶ 1 的画幅比例 ......................................................................................108
6.6 拍摄视角高低的选择 ......................................................................................109
平拍的特点及画面控制 ..................................................................................109
俯拍的画面特点及控制 ..................................................................................110
仰拍的画面特点及控制 ..................................................................................110
6.7 摄影创作中的透视关系 .................................................................................. 111
几何透视 .......................................................................................................... 111
影调透视 ..........................................................................................................113
6.8 黄金构图 ..........................................................................................................114
黄金法则 ..........................................................................................................114
三分法构图 ......................................................................................................115
6.9 常见的对比构图 ..............................................................................................117
6.10 构图中的点与线 ............................................................................................118
利用线条构图 ..................................................................................................118
点构图的位置 ..................................................................................................118
6.11 常见几何构图形式.........................................................................................119
第7 章 实拍中用光的技巧 ................................................................ 122
7.1 光比 ..................................................................................................................122
大光比画面的特点及应用 ..............................................................................122
小光比画面的特点及应用 ..............................................................................123
7.2 光的性质 ..........................................................................................................124
直射光与画面特点 ..........................................................................................124
散射光与画面特点 ..........................................................................................125
反射光与画面特点 ..........................................................................................126
7.3 光的方向 ..........................................................................................................126
顺光的特点及应用 ..........................................................................................126
侧光的特点及应用 ..........................................................................................127
侧顺光的特点及应用 ......................................................................................128
侧逆光的特点及应用 ......................................................................................129
逆光的特点及应用 ..........................................................................................130
顶光的特点及应用 ..........................................................................................132
底光的特点及应用 ..........................................................................................133
7.4 黄金时间定律 ..................................................................................................134
7.5 夜晚的弱光摄影 ..............................................................................................136
第8 章 摄影中的色彩运用 ................................................................ 138
8.1 色彩三要素在摄影中的应用 ..........................................................................138
色相 ..................................................................................................................139
饱和度(纯度) ..............................................................................................139
明度 ..................................................................................................................140
8.2 不同色系的画面特点 ......................................................................................140
8.3 相邻色与互补色 ..............................................................................................145
8.4 色不过三 ..........................................................................................................148
张小喻,国家二级摄影师,中国商业摄影师考评员,中国摄影家协会会员,英国皇家摄影协会会员,中国女摄影家协会会员,福建省艺术摄影协会副秘书长,泉州市摄影家协会理事,泉州市青年摄影协会少儿研究中心主任,华光摄影俱乐部秘书长,华光在线摄影学院高级讲师,资深数码后期制作修图师,华光科技团队成员。
范华,中国国际艺术家协会会员,中国国际艺术家协会会员,中国摄影家协会会员,中国广告摄影专业委员会会员,广东省摄影家协会商业摄影委员会委员,广东省青年摄影家协会副主席,广州市广告摄影师专业委员会副会长。1996年创立广州市灵感设计策划有限公司;1999年开始从事广告摄影;2002—2004年连续三年被评为“中国·广州十佳时装摄影师”;2003年获“十佳时尚摄影师”最高奖“金像奖”,第五届全国优秀广告摄影大赛银奖、铜奖及优秀奖,被评为“中国优秀时尚摄影师”;2004年获第 21届全国摄影艺术展金奖、银奖、铜奖及优秀奖,获第六届全国优秀广告摄影大赛铜奖及优秀奖,被评为“全国十佳广告摄影师”;2005年获“全国人像摄影十杰”提名奖;2006年获第十一届全国人像摄影展银奖、铜奖及优秀奖,广东省文学艺术界最高奖“鲁迅文艺奖”,被评为“新世纪艺术之星”;2007年获第 22届全国摄影艺术展银奖、铜奖及优秀奖,第 12届国际摄影艺术银奖及优秀奖,中国摄影艺术个人最高成就奖“中国摄影金像奖”。
内 容 提 要
本书介绍与摄影用光相关的前期与后期知识,内容全面、系统,对用光基础、照片影调、光与色的艺术、在不同自然光下创作、特殊的用光技巧、自然风光摄影的用光技巧、花卉与林木摄影的用光技巧、城市与园林摄影的用光技巧、人像摄影的用光技巧、静物与商品摄影的用光技巧、摄影后期控光技法等相关知识进行了由浅入深的介绍。笔者将比较抽象的用光原理结合具体的不同题材的实战案例进行讲解,可以让读者尽快领会摄影用光的精髓,快速提高自己的用光技术及审美水平。
经过对本书的系统学习,读者可以拿起相机走向户外,开启精彩的摄影创作之旅。本书适合作为大中专院校摄影专业的教材,也适合一般摄影爱好者、摄影从业人士参考。
第 1 章 摄影用光基础:光比、光的特点与光的方向 .........................015
1.1 光比 .................................................................................................................015
大光比画面的特点及应用 .............................................................................015
小光比画面的特点及应用 .............................................................................016
1.2 光的特点 .........................................................................................................017
直射光及其特点 .............................................................................................017
散射光及其特点 .............................................................................................019
反射光及其特点 .............................................................................................020
1.3 光的方向 .........................................................................................................021
顺光的特点及应用 .........................................................................................021
侧光的特点及应用 .........................................................................................022
侧顺光的特点及应用 .....................................................................................023
侧逆光的特点及应用 .....................................................................................024
逆光的特点及应用 .........................................................................................024
顶光的特点及应用 .........................................................................................027
底光的特点及应用 .........................................................................................028
第 2 章 正确认识照片影调 ................................................................029
2.1 照片影调的基本审美规律 .............................................................................029
通透,细节完整 .............................................................................................029
层次丰富 .........................................................................................................031
影调过渡要平滑 .............................................................................................034
符合自然规律 .................................................................................................036
2.2 3 分钟掌握直方图 ..........................................................................................037
Photoshop 中0 与255 的来历 .......................................................................037
直方图的构成 .................................................................................................037
直方图的状态调整 .........................................................................................039
高速缓存如何设定 .........................................................................................039
直方图参数解读 .............................................................................................040
5 类常见直方图 ..............................................................................................041
4 类特殊直方图 ..............................................................................................044
2.3 照片的影调类型 .............................................................................................048
256 级全影调 ..................................................................................................048
影调的长短分类 .............................................................................................051
影调的高低分类 .............................................................................................052
常见影调 .........................................................................................................052
第3 章 光与色的艺术 .......................................................................058
3.1 光与色温 .........................................................................................................058
3.2 日出日落时的照片色彩 .................................................................................064
3.3 照片高光与暗部的色彩 .................................................................................066
高光暖 .............................................................................................................066
暗部冷 .............................................................................................................067
高光色感强 .....................................................................................................068
暗部色感弱 .....................................................................................................069
第4 章 不同光线下的拍摄与迷人的光影效果 ...................................070
4.1 一天中不同时间段的光线特点与拍摄技巧 .................................................070
蓝调时刻 .........................................................................................................070
黄金时间 .........................................................................................................071
上午与下午的拍摄 .........................................................................................073
正午适合拍什么照片 .....................................................................................075
夜晚无光的场景 .............................................................................................076
月光下的星空 .................................................................................................077
4.2 迷人的光影 .....................................................................................................077
维纳斯带 .........................................................................................................078
局部光 .............................................................................................................080
丁达尔光 .........................................................................................................081
透光 .................................................................................................................082
眼神光怎样拍 .................................................................................................082
剪影 .................................................................................................................083
光雾 .................................................................................................................084
特殊的光照时刻 .............................................................................................084
第5 章 特殊的用光技巧 ....................................................................087
5.1 用好相机,拍出迷人的光效 .........................................................................087
光线强度与快门速度的关系 .........................................................................087
拍出漂亮的星芒效果 .....................................................................................090
光线拉丝效果 .................................................................................................092
5.2 特殊的控光道具 .............................................................................................093
表现手机与手电筒等点光源 .........................................................................093
利用钢丝棉拍摄的技巧 .................................................................................094
用马灯提升画面表现力 .................................................................................095
用帐篷提升画面表现力 .................................................................................096
专业级光绘棒的用法 .....................................................................................097
5.3 借助光学滤镜控制光效 .................................................................................099
偏振镜与光线方向的关系 .............................................................................099
巴德膜在摄影中的用途 .................................................................................101
渐变镜与光比的关系 .....................................................................................102
拍星空为什么要使用柔光镜 .........................................................................103
红外截止滤镜及其拍摄的画面特点 .............................................................104
去光害滤镜的用途 .........................................................................................105
圆形滤镜与方形滤镜的区别 .........................................................................106
第6 章 自然风光摄影的用光技巧 .....................................................107
6.1 自然风光摄影的一般用光技巧 .....................................................................107
直射光下拍摄风景 .........................................................................................107
斜射光拍摄山体 .............................................................................................108
侧光拍摄山体 .................................................................................................109
“日照金山”效果 ...........................................................................................110
利用光线串联画面景物 .................................................................................110
云雾对表现山景的作用 ................................................................................. 111
拍摄沙漠时阴影的作用 .................................................................................112
散射光下要注意丰富画面影调层次 .............................................................113
拍摄波光粼粼的水面美景 .............................................................................113
打造日落时冷暖对比的效果 .........................................................................114
为白色水流搭配深色景物 .............................................................................115
渲染弱光夜景的神秘氛围 .............................................................................115
6.2 表现雪景的用光技巧 .....................................................................................116
渲染高调雪景的美丽 .....................................................................................116
拍雪景时要搭配深色景物 .............................................................................117
直射光下拍雪景 .............................................................................................118
第7 章 花卉与林木摄影的用光技巧 .................................................. 119
7.1 拍出黑背景的花卉 .........................................................................................119
7.2 不同光线下花卉的表现重点 .........................................................................120
顺光拍摄花卉的表现重点 .............................................................................120
逆光拍摄花卉的表现重点 .............................................................................120
斜射光下拍摄花卉的表现重点 .....................................................................121
散射光下拍摄花卉的表现重点 .....................................................................121
环形闪光灯拍摄花卉的表现重点 .................................................................122
7.3 表现林木的用光技巧 .....................................................................................123
在密林中表现星芒效果 .................................................................................123
借助水汽表现密林的空间感 .........................................................................124
利用烟雾拍出迷人的丁达尔光 .....................................................................125
用暗背景或虚化背景突出树叶表面的纹理和色彩 .....................................126
拍出晶莹剔透的树叶 .....................................................................................127
第8 章 城市摄影的用光技巧 .............................................................128
8.1 城市摄影的一般用光技巧 .............................................................................128
凸显建筑表面质感 .........................................................................................128
表现建筑线条的美感 .....................................................................................129
借助窗光打造强烈的明暗对比 .....................................................................129
建筑穹顶的画面 .............................................................................................130
表现旋梯的光影之美 .....................................................................................130
刚入夜时的城市画面 .....................................................................................131
城市星轨 .........................................................................................................131
记录车流 .........................................................................................................132
8.2 城市摄影的特殊用光技巧 .............................................................................133
用月亮连接城市建筑 .....................................................................................133
表现“金光穿孔”的景观 .............................................................................133
悬日、悬月更加吸引人 .................................................................................134
第9 章 人像摄影的用光技巧 .............................................................137
9.1 一般光线下人像摄影的控光 .........................................................................137
拍出漂亮的发际光 .........................................................................................137
拍出漂亮的光雾人像 .....................................................................................138
使用反光板补光 .............................................................................................139
散射光下使用反光板补光 .............................................................................140
强侧光拍人像有何特点 .................................................................................141
斜射光拍人像的特点 .....................................................................................141
让人物迎着光源,打造眼神光 .....................................................................142
在密林中拍摄人像要注意什么问题 .............................................................143
散射光人像的特点 .........................................................................................143
借助窗光打造人像 .........................................................................................145
要避免服饰色彩与环境过度相近 .................................................................147
强光下戴帽子拍摄 .........................................................................................148
9.2 闪光灯的使用技巧 .........................................................................................149
闪光灯跳闪 .....................................................................................................149
离机引闪 .........................................................................................................151
高速同步与慢速同步闪光 .............................................................................152
傍晚时,用外接闪光灯拍摄人像会有什么效果 .........................................152
9.3 棚拍用光基础 .................................................................................................153
棚拍人像的背景选择 .....................................................................................153
棚拍人像的相机设定技巧 .............................................................................156
呈现最准确的色彩 .........................................................................................156
影室灯的分类及特点 .....................................................................................158
棚内常用的柔光附件 .....................................................................................158
主灯与辅助灯 .................................................................................................159
轮廓光 .............................................................................................................161
9.4 三大主流棚拍布光方式 .................................................................................161
蝴蝶光的布光方式 .........................................................................................161
鳄鱼光的布光方式 .........................................................................................162
伦勃朗光的布光方式 .....................................................................................164
第 10 章 一般静物与商品摄影的用光技巧 .........................................165
10.1 拍摄静物或商品前需要知道的5 个常识 ...................................................165
10.2 静物摄影的一般用光技巧 ...........................................................................165
借助窗光拍摄静物........................................................................................165
生活中的静物................................................................................................166
10.3 商品摄影用光 ...............................................................................................167
拍出商品倒影................................................................................................167
用黑布遮挡黑色背景两侧............................................................................167
侧光拍摄商品的优点....................................................................................168
拍摄商品详情页照片时如何使用辅助光....................................................168
拍摄商品要有充足光线................................................................................169
避免表面产生死白光斑................................................................................170
用柔光箱拍摄商品........................................................................................171
商品与背景的搭配技巧................................................................................172
第 11 章 摄影后期控光技法 ..............................................................174
11.1 通过提高对比度来强化光感........................................................................174
11.2 借助局部工具强化既有光线效果................................................................181
11.3 根据光线方向重塑光影................................................................................186
11.4 单独提亮主体,强化视觉中心....................................................................190
11.5 借助亮度蒙版让光线杂乱的画面变干净....................................................195
11.6 自然光效:光雾小清新................................................................................199
11.7 自然光效:打造丁达尔光效........................................................................206
11.8 制作时间切片效果........................................................................................212