第 1 章 构图的基本概念与元素 .........................................................017
1.1 构图的概念与意义 .........................................................................................017
构图的概念 .....................................................................................................017
为什么说构图决定一切 .................................................................................018
1.2 构图的五大元素 .............................................................................................020
让画面背景更干净 .........................................................................................021
用前景引导观者视线 .....................................................................................023
借助前景增加画面深度 .................................................................................023
背景的作用 .....................................................................................................024
留白的作用 .....................................................................................................025
让没有陪体的画面更耐看 .............................................................................026
1.3 主题与主体的区别 .........................................................................................027
第 2 章 照片景别与画幅比例 .............................................................029
2.1 构图中景别的概念 .........................................................................................029
远景 .................................................................................................................029
全景 .................................................................................................................030
中景与中近景 .................................................................................................034
特写 .................................................................................................................036
2.2 画幅比例 .........................................................................................................036
1∶1 画幅比例 .................................................................................................036
3∶2 与4∶3 画幅比例 ....................................................................................037
16∶9 与18∶9 画幅比例 ................................................................................041
2.35∶1 的画幅比例 ........................................................................................042
第 3 章 摄影中的黄金构图理论 .........................................................043
3.1 黄金分割的概念 .............................................................................................043
3.2 黄金构图 .........................................................................................................044
黄金分割在摄影中的应用一 .........................................................................044
黄金分割在摄影中的应用二 ........................................................................046
黄金分割在摄影中的应用三 ........................................................................047
黄金分割在摄影中的应用四 .........................................................................048
3.3 黄金构图的延伸应用 .....................................................................................049
三分法构图 .....................................................................................................049
九宫格构图 .....................................................................................................050
3.4 斐波那契数列 .................................................................................................052
第 4 章 构图中的点、线、面 .............................................................053
4.1 点、线、面之间的关系 .................................................................................053
4.2 点 .....................................................................................................................054
单点构图 .........................................................................................................054
两点构图 .........................................................................................................055
多点构图 .........................................................................................................056
4.3 线 .....................................................................................................................058
直线 .................................................................................................................058
曲线 .................................................................................................................059
扩散(汇聚)线 .............................................................................................059
4.4 面 .....................................................................................................................060
4.5 组合构图 .........................................................................................................064
点与线 .............................................................................................................064
点与面 .............................................................................................................065
重复性构图 .....................................................................................................066
第 5 章 构图中的透视理论 ................................................................068
5.1 构图中的透视 .................................................................................................068
5.2 焦段与透视的关系 .........................................................................................069
广角镜头的透视特点 .....................................................................................070
标准镜头的透视特点 .....................................................................................071
长焦镜头的透视特点 .....................................................................................072
5.3 如何校正透视 ................................................................................................073
5.4 什么是影调透视 .............................................................................................074
5.5 反透视规律 .....................................................................................................075
5.6 借助透视构图的人像拍摄 .............................................................................076
5.7 照片合成时的透视 .........................................................................................077
合成时的几何透视规律 .................................................................................077
合成时的影调透视规律 .................................................................................078
合成时的反透视规律 .....................................................................................079
第 6 章 对比构图 ...............................................................................081
6.1 对比构图的意义 .............................................................................................081
6.2 常见对比构图形式 .........................................................................................082
大小对比构图 .................................................................................................082
高低对比构图 .................................................................................................082
远近对比构图 .................................................................................................083
色彩对比构图 .................................................................................................083
冷暖对比构图 .................................................................................................084
明暗对比构图 .................................................................................................084
动静对比构图 .................................................................................................085
虚实对比构图 .................................................................................................086
多少对比构图 .................................................................................................087
6.3 高级对比构图形式 .........................................................................................087
刚柔对比构图 .................................................................................................087
古今对比构图 .................................................................................................088
第 7 章 几何形状构图 .......................................................................089
7.1 水平线构图 .....................................................................................................089
7.2 竖直线构图 .....................................................................................................090
7.3 十字形构图 .....................................................................................................090
7.4 对角线构图 .....................................................................................................091
7.5 S 形构图 ..........................................................................................................092
7.6 三角形构图 .....................................................................................................093
7.7 倒三角形构图 ................................................................................................094
7.8 C 形构图 ..........................................................................................................095
7.9 V 形构图 ........................................................................................................096
7.10 L 形构图 .......................................................................................................097
7.11 圆形构图 .......................................................................................................098
7.12 框架构图 ......................................................................................................098
7.13 对称式构图 ..................................................................................................099
7.14 棋盘式构图 ..................................................................................................100
第 8 章 常见的经验性构图技巧 .........................................................101
8.1 画幅的横竖如何选择 .....................................................................................101
8.2 取景视角高低有什么区别 .............................................................................102
8.3 如何强化画面的空间感 .................................................................................104
8.4 让画面取得视线的平衡 .................................................................................105
8.5 封闭式构图与开放式构图 .............................................................................106
8.6 理解构图的完整性 .........................................................................................108
8.7 紧凑与不紧凑的构图 .....................................................................................109
8.8 疏可走马,密不透风 ..................................................................................... 111
8.9 二次构图 .........................................................................................................112
第 9 章 二次构图:场景切割、修复与重塑 .......................................113
9.1 二次构图技巧 .................................................................................................114
校正照片的水平线 .........................................................................................114
校正透视变形 .................................................................................................116
裁掉干扰元素,让画面变干净 .....................................................................119
去除画面中的杂物 .........................................................................................121
封闭式构图变开放式构图 .............................................................................122
用修复工具改变主体位置 .............................................................................123
扩充构图范围,让构图更合理 .....................................................................128
通过变形完美处理掉机械暗角 .....................................................................133
用变形工具重新构图 .....................................................................................135
通过变形或液化调整局部元素,强化主体 .................................................138
通过自由变换和变形让人物变高 .................................................................139
9.2 光影二次构图 .................................................................................................141
重塑画面影调 .................................................................................................141
进行局部光效修饰,让画面变干净 .............................................................142
第 10 章 风光摄影构图 .....................................................................144
10.1 山景构图 .........................................................................................................144
三等分画面时让主体位于上1/3 位置 ..........................................................144
使用对角线构图,让画面更灵动 .................................................................145
借助航拍,表现与众不同的视角 .................................................................145
用长焦镜头表现山川连绵的韵律之美 .........................................................146
用长焦镜头表现远处雪峰的细节 .................................................................146
用山峰的高度来串联画面 .............................................................................147
利用水面的倒影增强画面感 .........................................................................147
利用建筑增加画面内容 .................................................................................148
用夸张的前景使画面更加立体 .....................................................................149
用人物视线衔接画面景物,让画面更紧凑 .................................................149
借助晨雾丰富画面层次 .................................................................................150
云海中的山景犹如仙境一般 .........................................................................151
10.2 水景构图 .........................................................................................................151
借助河流自身线条让画面更有深度 .............................................................151
捕捉水面上的运动物体增加画面内容 .........................................................152
倒影使画面更加迷人 .....................................................................................153
利用岩石作为陪体 .........................................................................................153
利用岸边的线条构图 ...................................................................................154
10.3 林木花草构图 ...............................................................................................154
敏感捕捉季节流转带来的色彩变化 ...........................................................154
利用烟雾等拍出迷人的“耶稣光” ...........................................................156
利用广角镜头仰拍,营造眩晕感 ...............................................................157
利用树林中的路进行引导线构图 ...............................................................158
通过平行线表现树林局部 ...........................................................................159
利用树枝、根茎等引导视线 .......................................................................159
利用太阳的星芒来吸引眼球 .......................................................................160
借助水汽构图,让画面更具空间感 ...........................................................161
利用树林中的小动物增加画面内容 ...........................................................162
干枯的树干更体现沧桑感 ...........................................................................162
用暗背景突出树叶的纹理和色彩 ...............................................................163
第 11 章 城市与园林摄影构图 ...........................................................164
11.1 城市风光构图................................................................................................164
寻找城市的地标建筑作为主体 ...................................................................164
长曝光拍出流光溢彩的车流 .......................................................................165
悬日悬月更加吸引人 ...................................................................................166
寻找城市特殊的曲线 ...................................................................................167
寻找城市古今建筑的对比 ...........................................................................169
冷暖色调使得城市风光更加艳丽 ...............................................................170
寻找有意思的建筑(群)造型 ...................................................................171
在城市风光中纳入人物可为画面增添生活气息 .......................................172
利用星芒增加兴趣点 ...................................................................................172
用斜线构图表现桥梁、道路等对象 ...........................................................174
俯拍酒店旋梯,表现旋梯的线条之美 .......................................................175
11.2 园林风光构图................................................................................................176
靠近古建筑墙体,表现其表面质感 ...........................................................176
寻找园林建筑的特色进行特写 ...................................................................177
利用园林中的花草树木作为前景表现建筑 ...............................................178
树枝作为引导线,建筑作为主体构图 .......................................................179
框架构图增强聚焦感与现场感 ...................................................................180
利用好园林中水面的倒影 ...........................................................................181
用冷暖对比的色调渲染情绪 .......................................................................182
第 12 章 花卉摄影构图 .....................................................................183
12.1 将花朵置于构图点,重点表现树上的花 ...................................................183
12.2 拍摄局部使得画面更有冲击力 ...................................................................184
12.3 寻找深色背景凸显主体 ...............................................................................185
12.4 大胆的开放式构图更新颖 ...........................................................................186
12.5 利用水珠使花更鲜艳 ...................................................................................187
12.6 远近虚实的拍摄使画面更有层次 ...............................................................188
12.7 利用昆虫增加兴趣点 ...................................................................................189
12.8 表现枝叶、花草优美的形态 .......................................................................190
12.9 表现花瓣质感,强化画面视觉效果 ...........................................................191
12.10 近拍表现花蕊等细节 .................................................................................192
第 13 章 人像摄影构图 .....................................................................193
13.1 人像摄影的三分法构图 ...............................................................................193
13.2 机位高低与人像画面特点 ...........................................................................196
低机位人像构图 ...........................................................................................196
高机位人像构图 ...........................................................................................198
13.3 为人物眼神留出空间 ...................................................................................199
13.4 人像摄影的角度与范围 ...............................................................................201
1/3 侧面人像 .................................................................................................201
2/3 侧面人像 .................................................................................................202
全侧面人像 ...................................................................................................203
背面人像 .......................................................................................................204
全身人像 .......................................................................................................206
半身人像 .......................................................................................................207
七分人像 .......................................................................................................208
13.5 其他常见的人像构图技巧 ............................................................................208
S 形人像构图 ................................................................................................208
三角形人像构图 ...........................................................................................209
圆形人像构图 ...............................................................................................211
框架人像构图 ...............................................................................................212